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Italy
Timeline
1936
1 November 1936Germany and Italy sign a treaty of alliance (‘Berlin-Rome axis’).
1937
6 Dezember 1937In a circular, police chief Arturo Bocchini, Italy, orders the arrest of all “gypsies” in the provinces of Bolzano, Trento, Trieste, Gorizia, Pola, Fiume and Zara.
1943
14 April 1943From that day until 11 January 1945, more than 20 Sinti and Roma are deported to concentration camps under Nazi rule via the prisons in Gorizia, Udine and Trieste, Italy.
8 September 1943After the fall of Benito Mussolini on 25 July 1943, the new government under Marshal Pietro Badoglio negotiates with the Allies. The armistice was signed on 3 September 1943 and announced on 8 September. On 10 September, the release of ‘nationals of an enemy state’ from the concentration camps (campi di concentramento) was decreed. Political internees and other ‘categories’ had already been released earlier. ‘Gypsies’ were disregarded and were therefore not yet released.
12 September 1943After the fall of Benito Mussolini in Italy, Germany places former Italian provinces under military administration. South Tyrol, Trentino and Belluno are administered as ‘Operational Zone Alpine Foreland’, the provinces of Udine, Gorizia, Trieste, Pula and Fiume as ‘Operational Zone Adriatic Coast’.
12 September 1943In Italy, the deportation of the Jewish population to the extermination camps begins with the transfer of some Italian territories to German military administration and the occupation by the Wehrmacht of those parts of Italy not yet liberated by the Allies.
23 September 1943In northern Italy, following the announcement of the armistice and the liberation of Mussolini by German paratroopers, the Repubblica Sociale Italiana (Italian Social Republic) is founded, a fascist puppet state under the protection of Germany.
1997
14 June 1997A copper sculpture by Roma artist Loris Levak is placed at the memorial to the deportees in Padua, Italy, to commemorate the deported Sinti and Roma.
2018
5 October 2018Thanks to the initiative of the Associazione Thèm Romanó, a cultural association, there is a stone sculpture by Tonino Santeusanio in the Parco delle Memorie in Lanciano, in the province of Chieti, Italy, which commemorates the Samudaripen.
2023
18 January 2023The first stumbling stone in Italy commemorating Sinti or Roma is laid in Trieste. It is dedicated to the Sinto Romano Held (1927–1948).
Encyclopaedia of the Nazi Genocide of the Sinti and Roma in Europe
Research Centre on Antigypsyism, Heidelberg University
Based on www.open-encyclopedia-system.org, developed by Center for Digital Systems, Freie Universität Berlin
Funded by German Foreign Office
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