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Auschwitz
Zeitleiste
1941
9 July 1941
As far as we know to date, the Poles Franciszek and Ryszard Buriański and the Czech Rudolf Richter are the first Roma to be sent to concentration camp Auschwitz (German-annexed Poland). The camp was established in June 1940. From July 1941 to February 1943 (before the systematic deportation of Sinti and Roma from German-controlled territory to Auschwitz-Birkenau concentration and extermination camp), it is estimated that at least 370 Roma, mostly of Polish or Czech nationality, are sent to camp Auschwitz.
1942
23 May 1942A transport from the Ravensbrück concentration camp in Germany to the Auschwitz-Birkenau concentration and extermination camp (German-annexed Poland) includes Sintize and Romnja.
7 August 1942Aloys Blum from Hoyerswerda, Germany, is sent to Auschwitz-Birkenau concentration and extermination camp (German-annexed Poland). He had tried to flee abroad with his family.
2 – 7 December 1942The first transport of Sinti and Roma from the ‘Zigeunerlager’ in Hodonin near Kunstadt, Protectorate of Bohemia and Moravia (German-occupied Czech Lands), to Auschwitz I concentration camp (German-annexed Poland) is carried out on the basis of the order on the ‘preventive fight against crime’. The transport consists of 78 mostly old male and female prisoners.
16 December 1942‘Auschwitz Decree’: Heinrich Himmler, head of the Schutzstaffel (‘Reichsführer-SS’), the Reich Security Main Office and the SS Main Economic and Administrative Office, orders the deportation of Sinti and Roma from the German Reich to Auschwitz-Birkenau concentration and extermination camp.
1943
28 January 1943The Reich Security Main Office issues a decree ordering the deportation of Roma and Sinti from the ‘Alpen- und Donau-Reichsgaue’ (= Austria) to Auschwitz-Birkenau concentration and extermination camp (German-annexed Poland).
29 January 1943The Reich Security Main Office in Berlin, Germany, issues more detailed instructions on the deportation of Sinti and Roma to the Auschwitz-Birkenau concentration and extermination camp (German-annexed Poland).
19 February 1943Asafan Czerwieniak, having been deported to Auschwitz concentration camp (German-annexed Poland) by the security police in German-occupied Kraków, Poland, is shot at the ‘Wall of Death’ along with 13 other men, including the Roma Józef Mirga, Władysław Szczerba and Władysław Olszewski. They were suspected of attempting to escape. By November 1943, a total of 57 Sinti and Roma are murdered in this way.
26 February 1943The first Sinti and Roma are deported to the Auschwitz-Birkenau concentration and extermination camp (German-annexed Poland) in Camp Section BIIe on the basis of the ‘Auschwitz Decree’. From 1 March 1943, further deportation trains with Sinti and Roma arrive almost daily. By the end of the month, 12,259 men, women and children are already registered in the ‘General ledger of the Gypsy camp’.
11 March 1943
Peter Wachler and Anna Malik are born in the Auschwitz-Birkenau concentration and extermination camp (German-annexed Poland) in Camp Section BIIe. Their mothers had been deported from Germany and the German-occupied Czech lands. They are the first of at least 378 babies born to deported Sintize or Romnja under appalling conditions in the camp. All of them die within a few days or weeks.
29 March 1943The Reich Security Main Office orders the deportation of Roma and Sinti from German-occupied territories and countries (Belgium, Bialystok district, Alsace, Lorraine, Luxembourg, the Netherlands and northern France) to Auschwitz-Birkenau concentration and extermination camp (German-annexed Poland).
12 November 1943100 Sinti and Roma from Auschwitz-Birkenau concentration and extermination camp (German-annexed Poland) arrive at Natzweiler concentration camp in German-annexed Alsace (France) for medical experiments. 18 died during the transport.
12 December 194389 Sinti and Roma, all men, aged between twelve and 37 are registered in the Natzweiler concentration camp in German-occupied France. They are the second group of Sinti and Roma transferred from Auschwitz-Birkenau concentration and extermination camp (German-annexed Poland) to be abused for medical experiments.
24 December 194372 Sinti and Roma, all men, who survived criminal human experiments in Natzweiler concentration camp (German-annexed Alsace, France) are deported back to Auschwitz-Birkenau concentration and extermination camp; during the transport 28 of them die.
1944
15 April 1944884 Sinti and Roma, men and boys, are transferred from the Auschwitz-Birkenau concentration and extermination camp (German-annexed Poland) to Buchenwald concentration camp, Germany. One prisoner dies during the transport or manages to escape, as 883 are registered in Buchenwald.
15 April 1944473 Sinti and Roma, women and girls, are transferred from Auschwitz-Birkenau concentration and extermination camp (German-annexed Poland) to Ravensbrück concentration camp in Germany.
24 May 1944161 Sinti and Roma, women and girls, are transported from Auschwitz-Birkenau concentration and extermination camp (German-annexed Poland) to Ravensbrück concentration camp in Germany.
27 May 194482 Sinti and Roma are transferred from Auschwitz concentration camp (German-annexed Poland) to Flossenbürg concentration camp in Germany and registered there. The majority of the men perform forced labour in various satellite camps from January 1945 at the latest.
21 July 1944Twenty-two Lithuanian Romnja are registered in the concentration and extermination camp of Auschwitz-Birkenau (German-annexed Poland), most of them toddlers and children. It is likely that Lithuanian Roma men are also admitted on the same day, but due to the illegibility of the last pages of the ‘General Ledger of the Gypsy Camp’ for men, neither their names nor their number is known. These are also the last entries in the register for Sinti and Roma in Camp Section BIIe, which was then buried by prisoners to preserve it for posterity. A total of 10094 numbers were assigned to male prisoners and 10849 numbers to female prisoners.
2 August 1944919 Sinti and Roma, men and boys, are transferred from Auschwitz-Birkenau concentration and extermination camp (German-annexed Poland) to Buchenwald concentration camp in Germany. 918 are registered in Buchenwald on 3 August. Josef Freiwald escapes while the train is near Weimar, but is recaptured and taken into custody in Buchenwald on 6 September 1944.
2 – 3 August 1944In the Auschwitz-Birkenau concentration and extermination camp (German-annexed Poland), the approximately 4,200 to 4,300 Sinti and Roma remaining in Camp Section BIIe are murdered in the gas chambers during the night of 2 to 3 August.
2 August 1944535 Sinti and Roma, women and girls, together with 490 men and boys, are transferred from Auschwitz-Birkenau concentration and extermination camp (German-annexed Poland) to Ravensbrück concentration camp in Germany.
29 August 1944210 Hungarian Roma, all women, are deported from Auschwitz-Birkenau concentration and extermination camp (German-annexed Poland) to Ravensbrück concentration camp in Germany.
14 September 1944Vaclav Ferda, Josef Florian, Willi Rose, Emil Růžička and Johann Stojka are transferred from the Auschwitz I concentration camp (German-annexed Poland) to Flossenbürg concentration camp, Germany, in a transport with a total of 100 prisoners. The five men had previously been transferred from camp section BIIe in Auschwitz-Birkenau to the main camp, some of them as early as 1943.
25 September 1944200 male Sinti and Roma, all of them children and teenagers, are transported from Buchenwald concentration camp, Germany, to Auschwitz-Birkenau concentration and extermination camp (German-annexed Poland). Only two survivors of this transport are known: Alfred Rosenbach and Rudolf Böhmer.
10 October 194449 Sinti and Roma, all women, are transferred from Altenburg, a satellite camp of Buchenwald concentration camp, Germany, to the Auschwitz-Birkenau concentration and extermination camp (German-annexed Poland).
11 October 1944110 Sinti and Roma, all women, are transferred from Hasag-Taucha, a satellite camp from Buchenwald concentration camp, Germany, to Auschwitz-Birkenau concentration and extermination camp (German-annexed Poland). Joséphine Lagrené and Jeanne Marie Modis-Galut are among the prisoners.
1945
27 January 1945
Auschwitz-Birkenau concentration and extermination camp is liberated by soldiers of the Soviet Red Army. The SS guards had previously forced around 56,000 prisoners on death marches. Around 7,000 men, women and children are liberated in the Auschwitz main camp, in camp Birkenau and camp Monowitz. It is not known whether any Sinti and Roma were among them.
1947
2 April 1947
The Supreme National Tribunal in Warsaw, Poland, sentences Rudolf Höss, the first camp commandant of the Auschwitz-Birkenau concentration and extermination camp, to death for the crimes he committed there, including against Sinti and Roma. The execution by hanging takes place on 16 April 1947 on the former Auschwitz camp grounds (Stammlager).
1949
13 January 1949Employees of the Auschwitz-Birkenau State Museum, Poland, recover the ‘General Ledger of the Gypsy Camp’ on the site of the former Camp Section BIIe, Auschwitz-Birkenau concentration and extermination camp. This important testimony to the crimes committed was buried by Polish political prisoners before the murder of the Sinti and Roma on 2/3 August 1944 in order to preserve it for the time after the war.
1973
November 1973
On the grounds of the former Auschwitz-Birkenau concentration and extermination camp, a memorial dedicated to the murdered Sinti and Roma is completed in Camp Section BIIe. The initiative and financing were provided by the survivor Vinzenz Rose, Germany.
2001
2 August 2001
A permanent exhibition on the genocide of the Sinti and Roma in Europe opens in Block 13 on the grounds of the former Auschwitz concentration camp. The exhibition was created by the Documentation and Cultural Centre of German Sinti and Roma (Heidelberg, Germany), in cooperation with the Auschwitz-Birkenau State Museum and the Association of Roma in Poland.
Encyclopaedia of the Nazi Genocide of the Sinti and Roma in Europe
Research Centre on Antigypsyism, Heidelberg University
Based on www.open-encyclopedia-system.org, developed by Center for Digital Systems, Freie Universität Berlin
Funded by German Foreign Office
Contact
Heidelberg University
Research Centre on Antigypsyism
Hauptstraße 216
69117 Heidelberg
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